The collection contains articles devoted to theoretical, methodological and applied problems transport industry. The articles of the collection deal with transport infrastructure and rolling stock warehouse, technology and organization of transport processes, information and computer technologies on transport, mathematical modeling of transport objects, environmental safety in transport. For scientists, lecturers, students of higher educational institutions and transport workers and communication DOAJ Google Scholar IndexCopernicus OpenAIRE
State University of Infrastructure and Technologies
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Planning of bicycle infrastructure for urban sustainable mobility: Kharkiv case study
The paper presents a comprehensive approach to strategic planning of bicycle infrastructure as a key element of sustainable urban mobility. The research integrates spatial planning analysis, bicycle traffic modelling, and an objective assessment of infrastructural solutions (Kharkiv case study). The approach focuses on developing technological principles for a rational bicycle infrastructure scheme that balances spatial constraints with residents’ mobility needs and contributes to an inclusive urban environment. Special attention is given to dynamic bicycle traffic modelling using PTV VISSIM and to the evaluation of effectiveness using the intersection hazard index. Based on traffic flow analysis, a survey of local residents, existing national regulations, and international best practices, the study substantiates the social, environmental, and economic benefits of integrating cycling infrastructure. Results show that combining cycle lanes along the main highway with protected tracks at intersections reduces the traffic safety indicator (from 0.699 to 0.577), decreases average transport delays by over 106 seconds, and provides a significant environmental benefit. The positive economic effect and investment payback period confirm the feasibility of the proposed solutions. The findings are practically relevant for local authorities, design organizations, and civic initiatives involved in sustainable urban mobility planning.
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Development of a Hybrid Traction System for a Suburban Multiple Electric Train with Dual Power Supply
This paper examines and analyses the design options for traction systems of modern electric rolling stock. Traction systems based on traditional circuit design solutions are reviewed and discussed. A review of traction systems with converters using medium-frequency transformers is provided. The use of such transformers reduces the weight of electrical equipment, requires less installation space, and increases the energy efficiency of electric rolling stock. It is shown that a priority approach is to use a hybrid traction system based on traditional circuit solutions, as its components exhibit high reliability. Several variants of hybrid traction systems for a dual-supply suburban electric train are proposed. The study demonstrates the feasibility of stabilising the intermediate circuit voltage to ensure autonomous energy exchange between the energy storage system and the traction drive. The operation of the circuits is described, and it is shown that when the intermediate DC-link voltage does not exceed 1000 V, standard industrial solutions can be used in the energy storage system. The proposed hybrid traction systems can be implemented in the modernisation or development of new electric multiple units and may also be used in other types of rail vehicles.
The Human Factor in Metro Operations: Determining the Driver's Condition During Pre-Departure Procedures
The article analyzes the influence of the human factor on the reliability and safety of metro operations, focusing on the methods for assessing the psychophysiological state of train drivers before the start of a work shift. The study examines the current system of human factor monitoring implemented in the Kyiv Metro and emphasizes the need for objective diagnostic tools in daily safety control. Experimental research based on Schulte-Gorbov tables was conducted to evaluate attention stability, perception speed, and cognitive response of metro drivers. A month-long self-testing experiment performed before and after shifts revealed statistically significant differences depending on the driver’s condition - normal, drowsy, or fatigued. The analysis demonstrated that fatigue and reduced alertness lead to slower reaction time and lower concentration, negatively affecting driving safety. The results confirm the effectiveness of the Schulte test as a practical tool for monitoring the psychophysiological readiness of metro drivers and for preventing human-factor-related errors during transport operations.
Improvement of the impregnation technology of traction motor windings in order to improve the parameters of rotor imbalance
The work is devoted to improving the quality indicators of balancing rotors of electric machines by technological methods on the example of overhaul of traction electric motors of electric trains of series EP2, EP9, EPL2, EPL9, ED9 at PrJSC "Kyiv Electric Wagon Repair Plant". The features of the technological process of eliminating mechanical imbalance of rotors during the manufacture and repair of electric motors are analyzed. The causes of mechanical imbalance of rotors are clarified. The degree of influence on the imbalance of rotors of uneven distribution of impregnation compound over the volume of electrical windings is experimentally investigated. The hypothesis put forward about the possibility of partial compensation of static imbalance of rotors by controlling the distribution of the compound during application of electrical insulation (impregnation) of windings is confirmed. A method of controlling the distribution of the compound during impregnation is proposed. The essence of the method is to fix the rotor in the drying chamber in a position corresponding to the phase angle of the “heavy spot”, namely by placing it with the “heavy spot” up. Controlling the distribution of the compound over the rotor volume can be considered as a technological method for improving balancing performance. The method makes it possible to improve the quality of balancing by reducing the mass of balancing loads during the final balancing of rotors by up to 70%.
Conceptual principles of building intelligent computer networks for monitoring energy consumption of railways
The paper presents a conceptual approach to creating intelligent computer networks for monitoring and managing energy consumption in railway transport, which serve as the technological foundation for implementing the Smart Grid concept in the industry. Theoretical foundations of the transition from traditional electricity metering systems to integrated Smart Grid class systems are reviewed. Existing information flows in traction power supply systems are analyzed, and their main shortcomings are identified: data discreteness, lack of synchronization with train schedules, and low responsiveness of decision-making. A multi-level network architecture is proposed, including a data collection layer (IoT sensors, Smart meters), a communication layer (heterogeneous communication channels), a processing layer (cloud computing), and an application layer. The principles of integrating data on train movement and substation operation modes within a single information space are described. Requirements for reliability, cybersecurity, and speed of such a network are discussed. It is concluded that the implementation of the proposed concept will allow moving from passive observation to active energy management, which is a prerequisite for further mathematical optimization of railway operation modes.
Methodological Aspects and Models for Assessing the Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence in Project Management
Rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into project management offers significant potential to improve productivity through data automation, performance monitoring and schedule optimization. However, challenges such as “effective inefficiency” and the variability of AI model output complicate the assessment of its effectiveness. This article analyses the methodological aspects of evaluating AI effectiveness in project management, classifies existing methods (benchmarks, explainable AI, mutual information, psychometrics), identifies key challenges (biases, lack of standards, ethical constraints), and proposes novel metrics- indicator of new competency activation (INCA), novelty coefficient in AI-Driven Project Management (NCAPM) and dynamic assessment of transition to new efficiency enabled by AI (DATNE) to measure innovation. The potential of these approaches for transport infrastructure projects is indicated, where AI allows for the creation of fundamentally new opportunities in planning, service forecasting, and resource optimisation. Future directions include hybrid metrics and integration with decision support systems. The study underscores the need for interdisciplinary approaches to adapt AI evaluation to resource constrained project management environments.
Methodology for Training a Neuro-Fuzzy Control System for a Diesel-Generator Unit Under Variable Operating Conditions
This paper presents a methodology for constructing and training a neuro-fuzzy control system for a diesel-generator unit operating under variable railway conditions. Modern traction power units encounter significant fluctuations in operational factors such as train mass, track profile, and section length, which necessitate adaptive regulation of power output. Traditional control systems are limited in their ability to respond to complex multifactor dynamics, motivating the use of hybrid intelligent systems. The proposed approach integrates Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering to determine the initial structure of the fuzzy rule base and to form Gaussian membership functions based on cluster centers. A hybrid learning strategy is implemented, combining backpropagation and stochastic gradient descent to adjust both the fuzzy and neural components of the model. This enables the system to refine membership parameters, optimize rule interactions, and adapt to nonlinearities in the operational data. The developed neuro-fuzzy model is validated using test samples not included in the training dataset. The results demonstrate high approximation accuracy and strong generalization capability, with prediction errors remaining within acceptable limits. The model effectively reproduces optimal control actions across diverse operating scenarios. The proposed methodology is suitable for integration into traction energy control systems and provides a foundation for future enhancements through expanded datasets, improved optimization algorithms, and full-scale simulation or field testing.
Analysis of PSNR, SSIM, LPIPS metrics in the context of human perception of visual similarity
This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of three well-known image quality assessment (IQA) metrics: PSNR, SSIM, and LPIPS. It explores their basic principles, mathematical foundations, advantages, and limitations, particularly as they relate to human visual perception. The evolution of IQA metrics from simple pixel-by-pixel comparisons (PSNR) to structural approaches (SSIM) and, more recently, to learned perceptual metrics (LPIPS) is discussed. A critical analysis of the effectiveness of each metric in assessing various visual distortions, including noise, blur, and compression artifacts, is presented. Inherent issues in human visual perception, such as the role of semantics, texture, color, and visual artifacts, are explored as fundamental causes of discrepancies between objective metric estimates and subjective human judgments. The paper highlights the “unproven effectiveness” of deep features in LPIPS, and discusses its vulnerabilities, such as adversarial attacks and limitations in global semantic understanding. Finally, it outlines directions for future research aimed at developing more robust, interpretable, and perceptually consistent IQA metrics that can better account for the complexity of the human visual system and the evolving demands of modern image processing and generative artificial intelligence technologies
Structural crisis in contemporary higher education: a systemic approach to institutional resilience and transformation
This study aims to identify current problems and trends in the development of university education, with an emphasis on sectoral educational institutions through a systematic approach to the analysis of the educational process. The methodological framework combines systemic and comparative analysis for a comprehensive study of maritime higher education as an integral component of the overall training system. A content analysis of scientific publications was conducted along with a statistical analysis of official data from four leading maritime universities in Ukraine for 2020-2024, including recruitment dynamics and admission structure by specialization. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of specific challenges facing maritime education, including unique problems such as restrictions on maritime practice due to port blockades, the need to adapt to international standards in the face of limited resources, and the changing perception of maritime professions in the face of wartime risks. The practical significance lies in the development of specific recommendations for overcoming crisis phenomena, including the creation of sustainable distance learning systems, the development of international partnerships and the implementation of innovative approaches to learning in conditions of limited opportunities. The study findings emphasize the strategic importance of maritime education for national security and the need to develop a comprehensive development strategy.
Optimization of energy storage parameters of electric buses charged at terminal stops
The paper developed a methodology for determining the optimal parameters of a combined energy storage for an electric bus based on solving a conditional minimization problem taking into account the driving mode, route parameters, and weight and size restrictions when charging the storage at the final stops of the route. The practical significance of the work lies in determining the parameters of combined energy storage for an electric bus using the example of a multi-component energy storage. Analysis of the results of the study on solving the optimization problem proved that for economical driving on routes 4 and 10, three-component storage with 1 branch with LTO cells and 28 branches with LFP cells and 1 branch of supercapacitors are optimal. For driving in intermediate and high-speed modes, two-component storage with the parameters: 2 branches with LTO cells and 15 branches with LFP cells and 1 branch with LTO cells and 47 branches with LFP cells, respectively, are optimal. For the obstacle mode, a storage device operating in the “high-speed” mode is sufficient for 10 routes, however, for the 4th route, which requires higher energy consumption, it is necessary to use a mono-component LFP - element storage device with 81 branches.
System model for the formation of organizational and technical processes for the prevention of emergency situations in transport complex projects
The article explores the current challenges related to occupational safety in the transport sector of Ukraine, emphasizing the growing importance of systematic prevention and effective risk management. The study analyzes the main causes of occupational injuries and emergencies, highlighting both technical and organizational shortcomings in existing safety management systems. Particular attention is given to the insufficient implementation of modern risk-oriented approaches and the limited integration of advanced organizational and technical solutions at transport enterprises. The authors substantiate the need to transform traditional occupational safety practices by adopting international standards, such as ISO 45001 and ISO 31010, and by strengthening digitalization processes that enable real-time monitoring of hazards. Based on the results of the analysis, a comprehensive model is proposed for forming organizational and technical prerequisites that aim to reduce injury rates, enhance the efficiency of preventive actions, and improve the reliability of production processes. The model integrates key components such as hazard identification, risk assessment, digital monitoring systems, personnel training, modernization of equipment, and development of a corporate safety culture. It also provides mechanisms for coordinating management decisions, improving regulatory and methodological support, and implementing preventive programs tailored to the specifics of the transport industry. The findings demonstrate that using a systemic approach, supported by digital technologies and analytical tools, significantly strengthens the ability of enterprises to predict and prevent dangerous events. The proposed model can serve as a practical foundation for improving occupational safety management systems, supporting the development of industry programs, and ensuring sustainable and safe functioning of the transport sector.
Study of the impact of route parameters on fuel consumption by buses in urban conditions
The work is devoted to improving the efficiency of passenger transport by studying the impact of route parameters on bus fuel consumption in urban conditions. Bus fuel consumption is a major component of transport costs and has a significant impact on fare setting, so the results obtained also have economic and social implications. It was found that one of the main technological indicators affecting bus fuel consumption is the number of stops on the route, since during acceleration and braking, more than 50% of fuel is spent on overcoming inertia. Based on the fuel balance equation, a mathematical model was developed to investigate the impact of the number of stops on bus fuel consumption, taking into account the number of passengers in the cabin. The results of the modelling (using the example of a typical city bus route in Dnipro) allowed us to draw conclusions about the nature of the impact of the number of stops per 1 km of route and the average length of the journey on bus fuel consumption. An empirical relationship was also obtained, which allows establishing a correlation between these parameters and information about the basic linear fuel consumption rate of vehicles. The presented results also allow assessing the technological and economic benefits of introducing more efficient bus modes of operation (e.g., express) in urban conditions.
Comprehensive analysis of the sensitivity and criticality of power equipment elements of urban electric transport to operational factors based on structural-functional ranking
The article presents a comprehensive reliability analysis of the power equipment of urban electric transport, including traction electric motors, inverters, cable–terminal connections, and cooling systems. Based on a literature review, the strengths (development of non-invasive diagnostic methods, application of machine learning algorithms, and formation of combined maintenance strategies) and weaknesses (limited statistical data for urban fleets, sensitivity of algorithms to noise, insufficient integration with risk management) of current research were identified. A conceptual model of integrated reliability management is proposed, combining multi-source data collection, FMEA-lite methodology, Pareto analysis, and the development of an Action Plan. The analysis results revealed that the highest RPN values are associated with external factors (moisture, overloads) and critical components such as bearings, windings, and cable connections. A Matlab/Simulink model was developed to simulate vibration diagnostics of traction motor bearings, confirming the effectiveness of envelope analysis for early defect detection. The Action Plan implementation reduced average RPN values by 25 – 40%, proving the practical value of the methodology for transport depots. The obtained results provide a foundation for the transition to predictive maintenance and the enhancement of operational reliability in urban electric transport.
Study of influence of imprecision of primary information on energy consumption of rolling stock
The energy efficiency of urban rail transportation systems is a crucial indicator, as traction energy consumption typically accounts for 40-60% of the total energy consumption of the transportation system. This study examines the sensitivity of energy consumption to deviations from nominal conditions under the implementation of pre-calculated optimized trajectories for electric rolling stock, considering rolling stock with operation modes typical for suburban and urban transport. To determine globally optimal control strategies that minimize energy consumption while complying with operational constraints, the study uses dynamic programming based on Bellman's optimality principle. The optimization model divides the track section into discrete segments and uses the backward induction method to establish optimal control laws, producing speed trajectories as functions of the train's current coordinates on a given gradient profile. The trade-off between energy and time is represented by an indefinite Lagrange multiplier to ensure adherence to the timetable. Sensitivity analysis is performed by simulating inaccuracies in the estimates of the train's current coordinates and variations in its passenger load. Modelling of a targeted braking system has been implemented so as to ensure stopping accuracy in the event of measurement inaccuracies. Modelling was performed using three typical gradient profiles, characteristic primarily of underground railways; for comparison, modelling was also performed on a conditional section with a negligible gradient. The research methodology allows for a quantitative assessment of the degree of energy overconsumption that may be caused by deviations in train passenger load factors and errors in the estimation of the position of rolling stock (±25 meters), which provides information for assessing the effectiveness of pre-calculated optimized trajectories in real operating conditions.
Study of stress-strain state of passenger car body
The article presents the stress-strain state analysis results of the load-bearing elements of the body and frame of the 61-779 model passenger car. To assess the strength of the car body, the finite element method was used with the ANSYS software package. In the model, the body is represented as a system consisting of beam, shell, and solid finite elements. The connections are modeled using rigid links. The model contains a total of 890,436 nodes and 321,874 finite elements. Boundary conditions include restrictions of freedom in support nodes (fixed support) and applied external loads. The main load-bearing element of the car structure is the center sill, made of I-beam profile No. 30. Additional fastening elements are used to increase the stiffness of the connections between the center sill and the crossbeams. The sheathing is made of structural and stainless sheet steel. Corrugated metal 2 mm thick is used as the outer sheathing. A study was conducted on the stress-strain state of the car body with nominal dimensions. The highest stress under load occurs in the bolster beam at the point of contact with the end beam of the frame and amounts to 258 MPa. The stress in the body sheathing between window openings is 65 MPa. The results obtained will further determine the direction of research on the optimization of load-bearing structures of the frame and body.
Research of theoretical basis of implementation of intelligent control systems for locomotive traction transmission
The paper presents an analysis of existing automated control systems based on artificial intelligence theory. These systems employ methods such as fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, and genetic algorithms. The application of these techniques enables the development of more adaptive and efficient control systems compared to traditional approaches. The main areas of artificial intelligence application in railway transport are identified, particularly in locomotive control systems and optimization of operational modes. The fundamental stages of artificial intelligence-based model development are outlined, including data collection and model training. Key directions for modeling intelligent systems are established. A generalized approach is proposed for the development of an intelligent traction transmission control system for shunting locomotives, taking into account the rolling stock characteristics and operational conditions. For solving control tasks, the use of a production model is proposed, which integrates elements of both logical and network-based approaches. A production model is proposed for solving control tasks.
Comparative analysis of the quality of fractal image compression with JPEG and JPEG2000 standards
This paper presents a comparative analysis of three image compression methods: JPEG, JPEG2000, and fractal compression (FIC). The theoretical foundations of each method are reviewed, including the discrete cosine transform (DCT) for JPEG, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for JPEG2000, and the iterated function system (IFS) for FIC. The performance of the algorithms is evaluated using a set of metrics: compression ratio (CR), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and the learned fragment image similarity metric (LPIPS). The analysis shows that JPEG2000 generally provides better quality at a given bitrate than JPEG, especially at high compression ratios, and offers additional features such as scalability, but this advantage is rather small. JPEG remains popular due to its simplicity and speed, but suffers from block artifacts. Fractal compression, despite its theoretical advantages, such as potential resolution independence, has significant drawbacks, including extremely slow encoding and often uncompetitive quality on general images. The application areas, reasons for limited implementation, and the current relevance of FIC are discussed. It is concluded that it is necessary to use various metrics for comprehensive quality assessment and that the choice of the optimal compression method depends on the specific requirements of the application.
Information, telecommunication and resource saving technologies
Intelligent digital twin utilization for real-time forecasting and optimization of the ship's power system
The paper presents the concept and mathematical model of an intelligent digital twin of a ship’s power system, designed for real-time operation. The proposed solution integrates dynamic energy balance modeling, telemetry signal processing using a Kalman filter, load forecasting with long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks, anomaly detection mechanisms, and optimization modules. The digital twin is implemented as a modular software architecture capable of integration with onboard control systems and cloud-based fleet analytics platforms. A series of computational experiments in MATLAB/Simulink simulates both typical and critical operational conditions, including stable load, overloads, generator failures, voltage instability, and energy-saving modes. The results demonstrate strong convergence between simulated and computed values, as well as timely system responses to emerging anomalies and effective optimization decisions. The developed model highlights the potential of digital twin technology to enhance energy efficiency, operational reliability, and environmental sustainability in modern maritime transport. It provides a foundation for advanced autonomous energy management and supports compliance with evolving IMO decarbonization and safety requirements.
Implementation of the occupational health and safety management system model according to DSTU ISO 45001:2018: challenges and opportunities for transport enterprises
The article examines the features of the implementation of the international standard DSTU ISO 45001:2018 "Occupational health and safety management system" specifically at transport enterprises. The focus is on specific challenges associated with a high level of production risks, the mobility of the working environment and the complexity of technological processes in the transport sector. The key problems of implementing the standard are analyzed, in particular, the insufficient level of staff awareness, the need to modernize existing safety systems and adapt to modern occupational safety requirements. The potential benefits of implementing ISO 45001:2018 are identified, including a reduction in the level of occupational injuries, increasing the effectiveness of risk management and strengthening the image of the enterprise. Practical recommendations are proposed for optimizing the process of implementing the standard, taking into account industry specifics.
Analysis of minimum safe approach distances based on vessels navigation safety domain
This article presents an analytical study of changes in the critical allowable approach distance between converging vessels, taking into account the shape of the vessel's safety zone. The research aims to address the important issue of ensuring maritime navigation safety by developing a mathematical approach for precise modeling of vessel domains under various approach scenarios. Analytical expressions are proposed and derived for calculating minimum safe distances for both elliptical zones and zones of complex configuration, allowing flexible assessment of approach situations depending on the relative motion of vessels. The analysis shows that although elliptical and complex-shaped domains differ geometrically, the nature of changes in critical approach distance in both cases remains similar, indicating the possibility of effective application of either model in practical conditions depending on the required level of detail and available computational resources. Graphical representation of the results clearly illustrates the dynamics of distance changes as a function of the angle between the courses of approaching vessels, which can be used in the development of software for navigation systems. The obtained dependencies allow not only quantitative assessment of allowable approach distances but also account for the influence of the approach aspect, which significantly affects the decision-making process by both navigators and automated collision avoidance systems. The results create a foundation for further improvement of collision avoidance algorithms and contribute to increasing the level of automation in navigation processes and overall maritime safety, especially in conditions of heavy traffic or restricted waterways.
Modeling an Image Clustering Algorithm For Detecting Overheated Railway Axle
This paper presents an approach to image identification based on a clustering algorithm for detecting the thermal characteristics of railway axle boxes. The study analyzes the potential of clustering algorithms in the task of digital image identification. The principles of the proposed algorithm are described in the context of image segmentation and compression, as well as pattern recognition in the transportation domain. A block diagram of the algorithm is provided along with an explanation of its operational principles. A scheme for implementing a machine vision system using the proposed algorithm is suggested for the detection of overheated axle boxes in railway transport. Experimental modeling was conducted for image segmentation based on color models in the infrared spectrum to identify regions with elevated temperatures in the MATLAB environment. For the experiment, thermal images of rolling stock axle boxes were selected one representing a normal condition and the other representing an overheated condition. The simulation results demonstrated that segmentation based on image color models allows for accurate delineation of the thermal characteristics of axle box images. The study confirmed that the use of the proposed algorithm and its software implementation for thermographic cameras is effective for recognizing temperature indicators. Additionally, the algorithm enables image compression, which increases data processing speed and facilitates the monitoring of thermal characteristics of rolling stock at high speeds.
Study of the ınfluence of coordınated regulatıon on the traffıc flow parameters on ıntersectıng streets
The article studies the nature of changes in traffic flow parameters on the intersecting streets when using coordinated regulation to organize uninterrupted traffic on city highways. The influence of the "green wave" mode on the traffic flow parameters is analyzed. Traffic delays on intersecting streets were compared before and after the implementation of coordinated regulation. Traffic delay values at intersections were determined and analyzed in a comparative manner using the Webster and HCM 2010 methodology and simulation tests. Measurements were carried out based on real values (speed and traffic intensity on sections) taken at 7 intersections of the street network of the city of Baku. For simulation tests, a coordinated regulation model built in the PTV VISSIM program was used. Using the created micromodel, the results of the impact of the implementation of coordinated regulation on traffic delays on main and intersecting streets were tested. The total time losses on the street where the "green wave" is implemented and on intersecting streets were estimated for the options before and after the coordination of traffic light modes. Based on the values determined by all three methods, it was found that after the implementation of coordinated regulation on the main street the delay time of vehicles increases on intersecting streets. The proposed approach can help to evaluate the effectiveness of coordinated regulation in terms of time losses before its implementation on city streets.
Dual-mode powered locomotives for main routes
The development of railway transport in Ukraine is associated with the improvement of transportation along the routes of pan-European transport corridors, improving rail connections with the countries of the European Union and domestic transportation. This requires the renewal of traction rolling stock, the current technical condition of which does not meet modern indicators of fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness. An analysis of traction rolling stock from world manufacturers shows the interest of railway operators in locomotives with dual-mode power supply. Such locomotives are able receive power both from the contact network and a diesel generator. This provides a number of advantages, the key among which is a reduction in the cost and transportation duration. The designs of ALP-45DP locomotives manufactured by Bombardier Transportation, Vectron Dual Mode manufactured by Siemens Mobility, EURODUAL and Class 93 manufactured by Stadler are considered. It’s demonstrated that locomotives with dual-mode power supply are based on the design and components of serial locomotives. This reduces the cost of the explored locomotives, simplifies maintenance and ensures high reliability. At the same time, the presence of dual-mode power supply has influenced the application of specific design and circuit solutions. Energy storage systems, including plug-in accumulators, are promising for use on locomotives with dual-mode power supply. The use of accumulators allows both to accumulate energy during braking and power the locomotive systems, and to store energy from low-cost sources. This reduces the cost of fuel and energy resources. Basing on the analysis fulfilled, the structure of the traction system for a domestic locomotive with dual-mode power supply, which can be created by modernizing existing locomotives, is proposed and substantiated.
Modern requirements for refrigeration agents in transport air conditioners
The Scientific advances, changes in national legislation in the field of combating the effects of global warming and market requirements have stimulated the development of fourth generation refrigerants. In contrast to the first and second generation refrigerants, which provided, along with the principle possibility of achieving a refrigerating effect, such qualities as durability and operational safety, the third and fourth generations include environmental constraints in a significant way. The identification of a link between leaks of traditional second-generation chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based refrigerants and the destruction of the protective atmospheric layer of ozone gave rise to the third generation of refrigerants. The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol were the reaction of the world community, leading to the banning of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). At the same time, hydrochlorofluorocarbons were considered as temporary or transient and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as long-term working bodies. Interest in the natural refrigerants ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and water has increased dramatically.
Cross-platform development for microcontrollers: design of a virtual machine based portable programming language
The fundamental role of microcontrollers in embedded systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) environments necessitates efficient software development approaches. Resource limitations of microcontrollers, the complexity of low-level programming languages, and the challenges of implementing multitasking slow down the development process considerably. Additionally, the diversity of the microcontroller landscape creates substantial barriers to code portability, leading to increased development time to support different hardware platforms. This paper presents the design of a virtual machine-based programming approach to enable cross-platform development for microcontrollers. The proposed portable programming language integrates with a custom virtual machine, Mico8-Chip, to suit modern microcontroller applications. This allows intuitive control over peripherals and built-in support for concurrent execution. The provided abstraction layer significantly improves code portability and accelerates development by isolating application logic from underlying hardware specifics. The primary purpose of this work is to address the fragmented microcontroller ecosystem and the challenges of low-level programming by introducing a unified and portable development solution.
Implementation of TSI requirements in railway infrastructure modernization projects of Ukraine in the context of EU transport system integration
The article is devoted to the analysis of technical and institutional aspects of the implementation of the requirements of the Technical Specifications for Interchangeability (TSI) in projects for the modernization of the railway infrastructure of Ukraine with financial support from the European Union within the framework of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) program. The current regulatory and institutional framework is analyzed, barriers and risks are identified, and models of cooperation with European certification bodies are proposed. The main attention is paid to the project "Modernization of the Mostyska-Lviv railway connection" as a representative example of integration into the TEN-T network. The article substantiates the feasibility of implementing a pilot model of cooperation between Ukrainian institutions and European certification bodies to confirm the compliance of design solutions with the TSI requirements. Special attention is paid to the issues of ensuring traffic safety, risk management, environmental safety, and compliance with functional safety standards, which are critically important for the certification of infrastructure facilities and obtaining funding from the EU. The pilot model of cooperation between Ukrainian participants and European certification bodies proposed in the article can become a scalable tool for ensuring TSI compliance. Institutional support from ERA and CINEA, technical dialogue, national capacity building and a multidisciplinary approach to project evaluation are the determining conditions for Ukraine's full participation in the European railway system.
Increasing the service life of tank car boilers for the transportation of chemical cargoes by using the method of tread protection
The article is devoted to the search for a comprehensive technical solution to increase the service life of tank car boilers by introducing an effective protection method. A significant problem of increasing the service life of tank cars for the transportation of chemicals is the high level of boiler wear, which is associated with corrosion phenomena that arise as a result of the interaction of the inner surface of the boiler with chemical corrosive cargoes. To solve the problem of the possibility of operating tank cars in terms of determining the service life due to corrosion damage, it is necessary to develop and implement comprehensive measures to assess the final service life of tank cars. At the same time, specialists, researchers and scientists face a special task - to maximize the boiler life using a progressive protection method. One of the most promising methods that can reduce the negative impact of corrosion and be applied in practice is the tread protection method. The article presents an algorithm for calculating the tread protection, which makes it possible to determine the required number of surface protection elements. The effectiveness of protection when changing the cathodic polarization is evaluated. The requirements that should determine the principles of construction of the protection system design and its functioning are considered, and a set of technical solutions and measures aimed at ensuring the protection of metal surfaces of the object of study: a tank car boiler.
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Determining the Switching Frequency of a Transistor Converter for a Traction Collector Motor
The purpose of this work is to determine the switching frequency of a transistor converter for a traction collector motor of a locomotive based on the criterion of permissible current ripple. The stated goal is achieved by solving the following problem: a methodology for determining the consideration of changes in motor parameters when calculating the switching frequency of the transistor converter is proposed. The peculiarity of the proposed approach is that it takes into account the degree of saturation of individual parts of the magnetic system of the electric motor. The most significant result is an increase in the accuracy of calculating the switching frequency by taking into account the change in the inductance of the commutator motor windings when the degree of saturation of the magnetic system changes. The switching frequency for a DC traction motor with a pulse converter is calculated. Two main operating modes of the electric motor are considered: with full magnetic flux and with weakened magnetic flux. As a result of calculations, it was established that the dependence of switching frequency on currents is nonlinear. For the operating mode of the electric motor with full magnetic flux, the switching frequency is determined taking into account the processes in the field winding circuits and in the armature circuit windings. The most important results are the determination of the switching frequency of the pulse converter for powering and regulating the traction motor in all operating modes. The proposed methodology allows the selection of transistor devices for the converter according to the switching frequency.
Analysis of the effectiveness of the regulatory act "Regulations on the Railway Transport Safety Management System"
The article is devoted to a study that is quite rare in the scientific and technical literature. It is about analysing the impact of the regulatory document "Regulations on the Railway Transport Safety Management System" on the population groups and enterprises of Ukraine and its effectiveness after its approval. These two analyses are carried out before and after the approval of regulatory documents by state authorities (ministries, the Cabinet of Ministers, etc.). The relevance of this Regulation is explained by the need to implement European-type regulations in the activities of Ukrainian railways. The implementation is in line with the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. The peculiarity of the Regulation in comparison with the existing one is explained by the fact that it becomes mandatory not only for JSC "Ukrainian Railways", but also for enterprises that use railway rolling stock and railway infrastructure in their activities. It was found that the railway transport sector includes 1517 enterprises. Based on the analysis of the impact of the Regulation on the Railway Traffic Management System on the interests of citizens, the state and business entities, a conclusion was made on the most rational option for achieving the goal of improving the level of railway traffic safety. The Regulation was approved by the Ministry of Infrastructure in 2021.
Migration and evolutionary analysis of trends in the transformation of maritime education in wartime conditions
The research focuses on analyzing fundamental changes in Ukraine's higher education system occurring under the influence of unprecedented geopolitical events and demographic shifts, with particular emphasis on the maritime education sector. The study examines the period of 2020-2023, characterized by large-scale challenges caused by Russian military aggression and its consequences for the educational sector. Based on the analysis of institutional reports and statistical data, significant changes have been identified in student contingent dynamics, redistribution of educational flows, and transformation of educational practices. The research results demonstrate that despite considerable adaptability and successful implementation of European educational standards, Ukraine's higher education system has faced serious challenges related to forced youth migration and demographic decline. This problem is particularly acute in the maritime education sector, where there is a persistent trend toward decreasing numbers of students. The paper substantiates the necessity of systematic state measures for developing maritime education in Ukraine. The research reveals the complex interaction between demographic trends, educational transformation, and sectoral development under wartime conditions.